- Packagers from the 。

49、 more-developed countries sometimes have difficulty working with less- developed nations;
. a. they fail to understand that their respective packaging priorities are completely different. b.developing nations trying to sell goods to North American markets cannot understand their preoccupation with p 。

50、ackage and graphics,Modern Packaging,3. The United Nations and packaging. - The less-developed countries do not have adequate land to raise enough food. - Food goes beyond its natural biological life, spoils, is lost, is infested with insects or eaten by rodents, gets wet in the rain, leaks away or。

51、goes uneaten for numerous reasons, all of which sound packaging principles can prevent. - In a poor economy that can afford no waste, no industries recover secondary value from food by-products. - Packaging is perceived to be a weapon against world hunger,Waste Management and Environmental Issues,1. 。

52、 The sources of waste material - A discussion of packaging today means eventually turning to environmental issues. - A perception: if only the packaging industry would stop doing something or, conversely, start doing something, all our landfill and pollution problems would go away. - Ample evidence。

53、suggests that good packaging reduces waste. - The consumer sees packaging as that part of shopping trip that gets thrown away. Hence, packaging is garbage,Waste Management and Environmental Issues,2.The percentage of waste that is packaging - The University of Tennessee provides the following breakd 。

54、own of total landfill waste Residential waste: 37.4% Industrial waste: 29.3% Commercial waste: 27.3% Other sources: 6.0,Waste Management and Environmental Issues,Material Packaging Nonpackaging Paper 12.7% 19.6% Wood 4.6% - Metal 2.0% 5.7% Glass 5.7% 0.8% Plastic 4.1% 5.5% Other misc. 0.1% 12.1% Foo 。

55、d waste - 8.1% Yard waste - 19.0% Totals 29.2% 70.8% Table 1.1 Materials mix by weight in residential solid waste,3. The materials in the waste stream,Waste Management and Environmental Issues,4. Consumer perceptions of packaging - North American consumers have a basic distrust of manufacturers;
to。

56、them, manufacture is a dirty business. 5.Jurisdictions - Most waste-management issues: local jurisdictions;
every state or province can pass its own packaging regulations or mandates. - In the Unites States, the states are mostly acting on their own;
CONEG and SSWMC are notable exceptions,Waste Mana 。

57、gement and Environmental Issues,6. Possible laws and mandates Recycling mandates/laws Material reduction mandates/laws Restrictions on selected materials/package types Material bans or restrictions (for example, heavy metals or PVC) Bans on materials accepted as landfill (such as not accepting as co 。

58、rrugated fiberboard) Green labeling requirements/prohibitions Purchasing preference mandates Tax incentives/penalties . Deposit laws/advance disposal fees,Waste Management and Environmental Issues,7. The four Rs hierarchy and what it means - Reduce: use the minimum amount of material consistent with 。

59、 fulfilling its basic function. - Reuse: containers or packaging components should be reused. - Recycle: packaging should be collected and the materials recycled for further use. - Recover: to possibly recover other value from the waste before consigning packaging to a landfill,Waste Management and。

60、Environmental Issues,Table 1.2 Percent of municipal solid waste incinerated in selected countries Country Incinerated Waste Switzerland 74% Japan 66% Sweden 50% France 35% United States 15,Waste Management and Environmental Issues,8. Recycling realities - The public myths: 1. Placing material in a b 。

61、lue box constitutes recycling. Recycling does not occur until someone uses the material collected. a) PCR materials in immediate contact with food need to be extensively investigated. b) In the instance of pharmaceutical packaging, such use is simply not allowed. c) Another impediment is a guarantee 。

62、 of consistent and reliable supply of the recovered material,Waste Management and Environmental Issues,2. Recycled material should be economical. In many instances, recycled material is more costly, and its use needs to be supported in some way. a) The cost of landfilling MSW is still less than recy 。

63、cling in most areas. b) Revenues generated from the sale of recyclable materials do not always recover collecting and recycling costs. c) The process of recycling cannot ignore market economics,Waste Management and Environmental Issues,d) Environmentalists maintain that recycling is an issue of the。

64、environment, not of economics. Money expended to recycle a material represents an investment in fuel, water and other resources. When the resource investment to recover a material exceeds the value of the material recovered, then the harm to the environment is greater, not less. e) The process of co 。

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标题：包装|包装技术基础1( 四 )