【托福】如何做精读？(2) 一起做一个全篇精读分析吧"

上一次的文章中我们讲解了如何做精读的理论知识，并且有两个段落作为例子实际操练了一下。

（没有看到上一篇？快戳下面链接学习）

【托福阅读】如何做精读？（1）

今天我们就来一起做一个全篇精读分析吧

TPO34 Protection of Plants by Insects

通过题目我们可以看出文章是生物生态类，讲述的内容和昆虫保护花有关。

那么接下来就让我们从上一次讲解的“词、句、段、篇”四个维度进行篇章分析吧。

1第一段

Many plants – one or more species of at least 68 different families – can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.

【词】

species 物种

secrete 分泌

nectar 蜜液

blossom开花

tropic 热带

temperate 温带

dissolved 分解的

amino acids 氨基酸

注意：

1. extrafloral这个词我们可能没见过，但是会发现它由前缀extra（外面）加词根floral（花的）组成，所以该词的含义就是花外面的。词根词缀在单词背诵中非常重要，所以我们一定要掌握一些常见的前缀和词根。

2. nectary这个词在文章用括号的形式给出了解释，那么看懂里面的解释即可。很多TOEFL中的专业词汇都会给予解释，形式可能是括号、冒号、同位语等，我们要学会识别，从而辅助我们更加理解文章。而像这些给出解释的词汇并不需要刻意花费大量时间背诵，了解即可。

3. plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks这些词是文章中的举例，我们只需要知道是什么的例子即可，这种专业型的一大堆并列的词汇不需要每个都精确掌握。

4. secrete 是“分泌”的意思，secret 是“秘密”的意思。要注意形近词的区分。平时学习的时候就可以写在一起区分背诵。

【句】

1. Many plants – one or more species of at least 68 different families – can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures.

这一句话中两个破折号中间的内容“one or more species of at least 68 different families”为插入语，我们在分析句子主干的时候要去掉插入语把前后的内容连接上，即“Many plants can secrete nectar…”

2. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.

这句话中有两个从句都有that引导，第一个为believe后面的宾语从句，第二个为insects后面的定语从句修饰insects。我们在翻译从句套从句情况的时候一定要注意从句的层级然后再进行翻译。如本句就是宾语从句里套了一个定语从句that will defend the plant，那么翻译的时候就直接把定从翻译成一个“的”就可以了。

【段】

第1句植物不开花的时候也会分泌蜜液，因为有extrafloral nectaries。

第2句这些植物通常在蚂蚁多的地方出现。

第3句对上一句中地点和植物的举例。

第4句 extrafloral nectaries对比floral nectary的相似点：含有糖。

第5句蜜液吸引昆虫，但是nectary的进化史不知道。

第6句蜜液吸引昆虫保护花。

小结：本段的核心名词为“plant, nectar, insects”，它们之间的关系为植物分泌蜜液，蜜液吸引昆虫，昆虫保护花。

2第二段

Ants are probably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.

【词】

persistent 持久的

exploit 利用（…为自己谋利）

intruding 入侵的

intruder 入侵者

herbivorous 食草的

【段】

本段以to return this favor为分界线，讲述两个意群。

第1个意群：花为蚂蚁提供能量

第2个意群：蚂蚁保护花

小结：本段接着上一段内容具体阐述了蚂蚁和花之间的关系

3第三段

Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.

【词】

physiological 生理的

whatsoever 任何

hypothesis 假设

dispute 争论

skeptical 怀疑性的

controversy 论战

proof 证明

confer 赋予

absence 缺少

perish 死亡

relevant 有关的

【句】

That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.

本句话的难点在于中间夹杂了一些次要信息。

本句话中的主要逻辑为“and”连接的并列，前半部分的主要信息为“we now have an abundance of the proof”，后半部分的主要信息为观察与实验所证明的结论，即“ants benefit plants”。

【段】

要抓住“once”和 “now”这些表示时间先后的词语。

第1句生物学家们曾经认为花分泌蜜液是生理行为并且蚂蚁对花无任何好处。

第2句 William对上面的观点提出反对

第3句 William对“保护主义”观点进行论证支持

第4句我们现在进一步证明“保护主义”观点是正确的

小结：本段主要进行的新旧观点的对比，更加支持作者的观点，即昆虫保护花。

4第四段

One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.

【词】

principal 主要的

morning glory 牵牛花

grasshopper 蝗虫

pollination 授粉

corolla 花冠

stigma 柱头

pollen 花粉

germinate 发芽

fertilize 使…受精

caterpillar 毛虫

seed beetle 甲壳虫

ovary 子房

burrow 钻孔

【段】

第1句例子：蚂蚁保护牵牛花

第2句昆虫吃牵牛花的花或果实

第3-5句蝗虫通过吃花冠和柱头直接破坏花的授粉

第6-7句毛虫和甲壳虫通过吃子房直接破坏种子产出

小结：本段举例说明昆虫是如何破坏植物的。

5第五段

Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.

【词】

sepal 萼片

bud 芽

nip 咬

vulnerable 易受攻击的

prey on 捕食

【段】

第1句蜜液吸引蚂蚁

第2句花很小的时候就会产蜜液

第3句蜜液的产出会一直持续

第4句毫无疑问，蚂蚁会保护牵牛花免受昆虫的侵害

第5-6句 Bentley做实验支持上述观点

第7句蚂蚁抵抗蝗虫

第8-9句蚂蚁抵抗甲壳虫

小结：接上段陈述蚂蚁会保护牵牛花，并将前四段内容进行细化陈述。

【总结】

第一段阐述花产生蜜液从而吸引昆虫保护花

第二段进一步叙述蚂蚁与花的关系

第三段陈述过去与现在的理论

第四段举例陈述其他昆虫对于花的破坏

第五段具体陈述蚂蚁保护花，并对前文进行再一次的证明陈述

经过对于一篇文章的详细精读分析，相信你一定收获了不少。精读中，词句是基础，一定要背好、查好、分析好，段篇是进阶，要站在更宏观的角度去看待。微观加宏观才是读好、分析好一篇文章的最好的方法。当然，一切好的方法都重在坚持与不断积累，只是心血来潮的做一篇是远远不够的哟。

作者介绍

宋丽楠

沈阳新东方SAT全日制项目负责人

英语教育专业毕业

善于运用[宏观]+[微观]的多角度教学法

帮助学员解决自身学习问题

所带全日制班级全科总分平均提分率为

85.36%

SAT 28天集训后

最高提分200分最高首考成绩1490分

TOEFL 15天集训后

最高提分13分最高首考成绩106分