33、wer of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others 。

34、 are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between。

35、the computer and the user.4、User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the users input-output device( usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that serves a number of users th 。

36、rough terminals connected by communication lines. The user input-output device permits direct input of data and immediate output of results. For instance, a person using the computer interactively in financial planning poses “what if” questions by entering input at the terminal keyboard;
the results 。

37、 are displayed on the screen in a few second.5、The computer-based user-machine characteristics of an MIS affect the knowledge requirements of both system developer and system user. “computer-based” means that the designer of a management information system must have a knowledge of computers and of t 。

38、heir use in processing. The “user-machine” concept means the system designer should also understand the capabilities of humans as system components (as information processors) and the behavior of humans as users of information.6、Information system applications should not require users to be computer 。

39、 experts. However, users need to be able to specify their information requirements;
some understanding of computers, the nature of information, and its use in various management function aids users in this task.Integrated system集成系统7、Management information system typically provide the basis for inte 。

40、gration of organizational information processing. Individual applications within information systems are developed for and by diverse sets of users. If there are no integrating processes and mechanisms, the individual applications may be inconsistent and incompatible. Data item may be specified diff 。

41、erently and may not be compatible across applications that use the same data. There may be redundant development of separate applications when actually a single application could serve more than one need. A user wanting to perform analysis using data from two different applications may find the task 。

42、 very difficult and sometimes impossible.8、The first step in integration of information system applications is an overall information system plan. Even though application systems are implemented one at a time, their design can be guided by the overall plan, which determines how they fit in with othe 。

43、r functions. In essence, the information system is designed as a planed federation of small systems.9、Information system integration is also achieved through standards, guidelines, and procedures set by the MIS function. The enforcement of such standards and procedures permit diverse applications to 。

44、 share data, meet audit and control requirements, and be shares by multiple users. For instance, an application may be developed to run on a particular small computer. Standards for integration may dictate that the equipment selected be compatible with the centralized database. The trend in informat 。

45、ion system design is toward separate application processing form the data used to support it. The separate database is the mechanism by which data items are integrated across many applications and made consistently available to a variety of users. The need for a database in MIS is discussed below.Ne 。

46、ed for a database 10、 The term “information” and “data” are frequently used interchangeably;
However, information is generally defined as data that is meaningful or useful to the recipient. Data items are therefore the raw material for producing information.11、The underlying concept of a database is 。

47、 that data needs to be managed in order to be available for processing and have appropriate quality. This data management includes both software and organization. The software to create and manage a database is a database management system.12、When all access to any use of database is controlled thro 。

48、ugh a database management system, all applications utilizing a particular data item access the same data item which is stored in only one place. A single updating of the data item updates it for all uses. Integration through a database management system requires a central authority for the database. 。

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