What does 2 to 3 mg Tetrodotoxin Mean? 2-3毫克的河鲀毒素意味 Tetrodotoxi河鲀毒素Poisoning from co

Tetrodotoxi

河鲀毒素

Poisoning from consumption of members of the family tetraodontidae (pufferfish) – i.e., pufferfish poisoning – is one of the most dangerous intoxications from marine species. There are approximately 185 species of pufferfish worldwide, and they occur in both freshwater and marine environments.

食用鲀科（河豚鱼）鱼类中毒，即河豚鱼中毒，是海洋物种最危险中毒中的一种。全球大约有185种河豚鱼，在淡水和海水环境中均有存在。

Several of these species are consumed throughout the world, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, such as Japan, where pufferfish hold great cultural significance.

这些物种中有几种在世界各地被食用，特别是印度-太平洋地区，如日本，那里的河豚鱼具有重大的文化意义。

In several species, the gonads (mainly ovary), liver, intestines, and skin can contain levels of tetrodotoxin sufficient to produce rapid death. In a few species, the flesh naturally contains enough toxin to be lethal, if consumed.

在好几个物种中的性腺（主要是卵巢）、肝、肠和皮可含有足以快速致死的河鲀毒素。少数几个物种的肉质天然含有足够致死的毒素。

Facts 事实

Mortality

死亡率

Death is from respiratory-muscle paralysis and usually occurs within 4 to 6 hours, with a known range of about 20 minutes to 8 hours.

死亡是由于呼吸肌麻痹导致的，通常在4～6小时内发生，已知的时间范围是20分钟到8小时。

Lethal dose

致死剂量

The minimum lethal dose in humans is estimated to be 2 to 3 mg (1/500 of a gram).

人类最小致死剂量估计为2～3毫克。

Onset

发病

The first symptom of intoxication is a slight numbness of the lips and tongue, typically appearing between 20 minutes to 3 hours after ingestion, depending on the ingested dose. With higher doses, symptoms can start within minutes.

中毒的第一个症状是嘴唇和舌头轻微麻木，一般在摄食后20分钟到3小时之间，这取决于摄入量。如果摄入的量较大，症状会在数分钟内开始出现。

Illness / complications

疾病/并发症

Tetrodotoxin acts on both the central and peripheral nervous systems. After the initial slight oral numbness, the next symptom is increasing paraesthesia in the face and extremities, which may be followed by sensations of lightness or floating. Headache, epigastric pain, nausea, diarrhea, and/or vomiting may occur. Occasionally, some reeling or difficulty in walking may occur.

河鲀毒素作用于中枢和外周神经系统。在最初轻微的口腔麻木之后，下一个症状是面部和四肢的感觉异常增强，接下来可能会感到轻飘飘或漂浮的感觉。可能出现头痛、上腹痛、恶心、腹泻和/或呕吐。偶尔，可能会出现眩晕或行走困难。

The second stage of the intoxication includes progressive paralysis. Many victims are unable to move; even sitting may be difficult. There is increasing respiratory distress. Speech is affected, and the victim usually exhibits dyspnea, cyanosis, and hypotension. Paralysis increases, and convulsions, mental impairment, and cardiac arrhythmia may occur. The victim, although completely paralyzed, may be conscious and, in some cases, completely lucid until shortly before death.

中毒的第二阶段包括进行性麻痹。许多患者无法动弹，甚至坐下来都有困难。呼吸窘迫不断加重。言语受到影响，患者通常表现为呼吸困难、发绀和低血压。随着麻痹加重，可能出现抽蓄、精神萎靡和心律失常。中毒者虽然完全瘫痪，但意识可能保持清醒。有些患者直到死亡前不久意识还是完全清醒。

There is no antidote for TTX poisoning, and treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Patients who receive ventilatory support recover fully, in most cases.

河鲀毒素中毒没有解毒药，治疗是对症和支持治疗。在大多数情况下，接受辅助呼吸治疗的患者能完全康复。