1、Epistaxis (nosebleed) Etiology： 1、 Local causes： 1）Trauma：mucosa laceration blood vessel injury 2）Inflammation of nose and sinus 3）Diseases of septum 4）Tumor：nasal cavity tumor sinus tumor angiofibroma of nasopharynx,2、 General factors Systematic disease Ascension of arterial pressure and venous pre 。

2、ssure ，Dysfunction of coagulation, Change of blood vessel tension,1） Acute epidemical diseases 2） Cardiovascular diseases 3） Hemological diseases 4） Nutrition defect：VitC、K、P or calcium 5） Liver, kidney diseases and rheumatic fever 6） Poison ：phosphorus, mercury, arsenic, benzene 7） Oslers disease h 。

3、emorrhagic familial telangiectasia 8） Endocrinic imbalance,Treatment： 1、 Fundamental treatment Emergency: sedation estimate the bleeding amount keep proper posture No blood ingest 2、 Hemostatic methods 1）Identify the bleeding site pinch the nostrils,2）Cautery techniques chemical electrical laser rad 。

4、iofrequency microwave 3） Nasal packing resorbable material, gel foam. anterior postorior water or air balloon,3、Artery ligation anterior ethmoid artery posterior ethmoid artery internal maxillary artery external carotid artery 4、 Angiography and embolization submucous resection endoscopic cautery an 。

5、d ligation,5、 Systematic management. 1） sedative 2） hemostatic agent 3） Vitamine C, K. 4）sclerosant 5） anti-shock management 6）Traditional Chinese Medicine,Foreign body in the nose,Endogenic Dead bone, blood clot, rhinolith Extrogenic Plant seeds, insect, metals, stone, woods Biologic Nonbiologic,Et 。

6、iology： 1、Children 2-3yrs old 2、Insects 3、Injury：wood, rocks, metals 4、Iatrogenic,Metal in nasal cavity,Rhinolith in nasal cavity,Diagnosis： Unilateral purulent drainage with foul smell in children Foreign body in the nose? History； nasal examination； plain X-ray;
CT scan Treatment： Remove foreign b 。

7、ody in different ways Prevent foreign body in the nosein bronchi,Mucocele and Cyst,Cyst of nasal vestibule,Vestibule, maxillary dental alveoli, unilateral round/oval cyst Diagnosis: palpation, punction X-ray Treatment: resection of cyst,Mucocele Benign neoplasms: Obstruction of sinus ostia and accum 。

8、ulation of fluid Etiology: chronic inflammation, allergic sinonasal disease, trauma, and previous surgery Pathology：retention of intrasinus secretion, progressive augmentation of internal pression, bony remodeling and erosion,Morbidity: China: ethmoid frontal sphenoid maxillary Abroad: frontal ethmo 。

【没有|没有幻灯片标题-复旦大学精品课程】9、id sphenoid maxillary Symptoms M: F=3:1 Features：Hyperplastic epithelia with inverting pattern of growth. Epithelial inversion into underlying stroma. Basal membrane is intact. Malignant transformation : 5-15% . squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma,Symptoms & Signs： Nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea。

10、with blood staining, sometimes with headache and abnormalities of smell. Firm red or grey masses, unilateral, arising from lateral wall of the nose, extension into the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses,Treatment Complete excision Some times it is difficult. Recurrence: 28-74% Lateral rhinotomy. Endoscop 。

11、ic excision, with reasonable recurrence rates. Malignant transformation-radiotherapy,Malignant tumor of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses Morbidity in China: 2.05-3.66% of malignant tumors in all 21.74%-49.22% of malignant tumors in ORL Carcinoma:cancer=8.5:1 M: F=1.5-3.0:1 Cancer:-40-60ys ， Sarcoma- 。

12、younger,24% of whole body carcinorna. more frequently in sinus than nasal cavity maxillary 6080% ethmioid 3.8% frontal 2.5% for advanced case difficult to identify the original site. Squamous: 7080% more in maxillary sinus Adenocarcinoma: 48% more in ethmoid sinus,Adenoid cystic carcinoma 4% more in 。

13、 ethmoid sinus Sarcoma: 10-20% malignant tumors in ORL More in nasal cavity and maxillary sinus. Malignant lymphoma60,Malignant epithelia tumor. Carcinoma of nasal vestibule and Septum Carcinoma of the paranasal Sinus Melanoma Esthesioneuroblastoma,Malignant nonepithelial tumor. Rhabdomyosarcoma. He 。

14、mangiopericytoma lymphoma Extramedullary plasmacytoma,Symptoms & Signs： Nasal Cavity: nasal obstruction. epistaxis. pain. numbness of cheek,Paranasal sinus: purulent drainage with blood nasal obstruction (unilateral, progressive) extrusion of cheek extrusion of hard palate Ophthalmologic symptoms: p 。

15、roptosis, epiphora, visual acuity decrease, orbital apex syndrome cranial involvement,Diagnosis: Caution! 40yrs, unilateral, progressive symptoms increase doctors index of suspicion nasal examination nasal endoscopic examination biopsy CT、MRI PET (positron emission tomograph,Treatment: Radiotherapy: 。

16、 5000-6000rad within 4-8w ， 6w after radiotherapy - surgery Surgery - cornerstone -lateral rhinotomy. -midfacial degloving -Maxillectomy -Maxillectomy+orbital contents exenteration -Craniofacial resection,3. Chemotherapy - unwilling or unsuitable for surgery Prognosis : Survival advantage radiation and surgery. The value of the chemotherapy undetermined. 5yr survival rate: 30-40% for maxillary sinus MT,复习与思考： 1、鼻出血的病因有哪些？如何处理鼻出血？ 2、鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤的临床表现有哪些？ 3、鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤的处理原则是什么 。

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