1、History,Models for Understanding History,Xi urges respect, reflection on history,President Xi Jinping on Monday called for both respect and deliberation of the Chinese civilization at the 18th collective study of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. Xinhua, October 。

2、 13, 2014,The study, the 18th of its kind since Xi was elected general secretary of the Central Committee of the CPC in November 2012, focused on state governance in Chinese history. Xi said the CPC should follow successful examples in Chinese history to learn from their merits and avoid shortcoming 。

3、s. Xi stressed that the Party must draw lessons from history in its effort to upgrade state governance, as history is the best source of knowledge, and many situations from the past can shed light on what is happening currently,Todays China is a development of yesterdays and the day before yesterday 。

4、s China, Xi said. In order to run todays China, we should not only grasp history and traditional culture, but also actively collect the discoveries and wisdom of state governance in ancient times. Xi said the research of traditional Chinese culture should be valued and its best parts should be passe 。

【Unit4History|Unit4History课件】5、d along and promoted. Specifically, Xi said the CPC must thoroughly carry on and extol the positive and virtuous parts of traditional thought and culture, which are important to the China spirit,China: S. China Sea claims lawful, based on historical record,China urges Japan to reflect on history of。

6、aggression,What is history,History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon. - Napoleon Bonaparte Nothing has really happened until it has been recorded. - Virginia Woolf,History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time;
it illuminates reality, vitalizes memor 。

7、y, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us tidings of antiquity. -Cicero,The past is useless. That explains why it is past. Wright Morris There is properly no history;
only biography. Ralph Waldo Emerson History is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes o 。

8、f mankind. Edward Gibbon,Men and history,History repeats itself;
thats one of the things thats wrong with history. That men do not learn very much from the lessons of history is the most important of all the lessons that history has to teach. We learn from history that man can never learn anything f 。

9、rom history,Understanding history,Each age tries to form its own conception of the past. Each age writes the history of the past anew with reference to the conditions uppermost in its own time. -Frederick Jackson Turner,The function of the historian is neither to love the past nor to emancipate hims 。

10、elf from the past, but to master and understand it as the key to the understanding of the present.“ E. H. Carr,A historian should yield himself to his subject, become immersed in the place and period of his choice, standing apart from it now and then for a fresh view. Samuel Eliot Morison,Since hist 。

11、ory has no properly scientific value, its only purpose is educative. And if historians neglect to educate the public, if they fail to interest it intelligently in the past, then all their historical learning is valueless except in so far as it educates themselves. G. M. Trevelyan,Models for Understa 。

12、nding History,Underlying every textbook and every historical work are a set of often unacknowledged assumptions about how history works. Everyone who writes, reads, or thinks about history has a “model” in their mind which helps them to interpret and assemble the facts of history,Model A,It is the d 。

13、ominant model for historians in the 20th century. It believes that the history of mankind is a record of progress and that future prospects are bright. It is flattering, which implies that everyone alive has made progress over all those who are dead,It allows one to face the future with optimism. Th 。

14、e more time passes, the more progress will be made. e.g. Hegel (the unification of Germany by Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm) There is great deal of American history written to fit this mold,Model B,Many of the Greek and Roman historians subscribed to this model. They looked back in the past and saw a。

15、“golden age” with fewer problems than their own. Things were getting worse;
prospects for the future were grim,It fits the outlines of Scripture. We certainly havent risen above the level of our first parents, Adam and Eve, so the broad line from Paradise are trending downward. One can trace progres 。

16、s and improvement through Gods covenants which Noah, Abraham, Moses, and their fulfillment in Jesus. One must weigh the prophecies of Revelation,Model C,History is complicated. It more closely assembles Model C than the simple lines in Model A and Model B. Periods of accomplishment are followed by p 。

17、eriods of decay. Inevitably, after a period of achievement, a long, slow period of decay sets in,Against Model A,progress” is mostly a myth. The idea that the simple passage of time will allow things to improve flies in the face of experience. The truth is that things deteriorate and decay with age, 。

18、Against Model B,The periods of progress and achievement are the exceptions and not the rule. There are remarkable periods scattered through history in which a group of men or a generation seem empowered to reverse the trends and to make remarkable achievements,Examples mentioned,Greek city-states Ro 。

19、man republic The fall from Republic through Empire to Dark Ages Renaissance: rejection of the myth of progress Reformation: returning to the New Testament church (Martin Luther, John Calvin,Analysis,Question: Has there been progress or decay in our own civilization? If it has deteriorated, then we n 。

20、eed to reverse directions and try to return to ideals of the founders, shedding the mistakes of later, lesser men. If we have progressed, then we need to continue correcting and eliminating the mistakes and omissions of the founders,Solution,The trick is to move beyond the simple models and to think 。

21、 critically about whatever time period being studied. If we learn to step back and ask the question “Was this a period of achievement or decay?” and note the facts (and also about the views of historians who are supplying the facts), we will have achieved a much more sophisticated understanding of o 。

22、ur age,Reading comprehension,Title: Models for Understanding History,1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T,2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B,Vocabulary building,Glossary,Natural history The study of organisms and natural objects, esp. their origins, evolution, and interrelationships. (C. Darwin) Human history Prehis 。

23、toric The era before the recorded history,Stone Age The earliest known period of human culture, characterized by the use of stone tools. Paleolithic age (palaeolithic) Neolithic age Bronze age A period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by weapons and implements m 。

24、ade of bronze,Of or relating to Babylonia or Babylon or their people, culture, or language. A native or inhabitant of Babylon or Babylonia. Babylon (the capital city of Babylonia) Babylonia,Babylonian,Babylonia: An ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley. It flourished under Hamm 。

25、urabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declined after 562b.c. and fell to the Persians in 539. Code of Hammurabi Hanging gardens of Babylonia,A Greek Hellas (Greece) A country of southeast Europe on the southern Balkan Peninsula and including numerous islands in the Mediterranean, Aegean seas. One of the m 。

26、ost important centers of early civilization. The cradle of western culture, philosophy, art and science,Hellene,Byzantine,A native or inhabitant of Byzantium or the Byzantine Empire. Of or relating to the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire ) The eastern part of the later Roman。

27、Empire, dating from A.D. 330 when Constantine I rebuilt Byzantium and made it his capital. Its extent varied greatly over the centuries, but its core remained the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. The empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453,Middle ages,The period in Eur 。

28、opean history between antiquity and the Renaissance, often dated from A.D. 476 to 1500. Dark ages the Early Middle Ages in Europe medieval (adj.) Relating or belonging to the Middle Ages,Renaissance,The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in It 。

29、aly in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance,Renaissance and Middle Ages,The Hebrew view was being replaced by the Greek view. Greek view vs. Hebrew/biblical view humanism vs. Hebraism knowing the self vs. knowing the god liberalism vs. cler 。

30、icalism egoism vs. altruism naturalism vs. supernaturalism knowledge, science, experiment vs. religion, moral, belief,Old World The Eastern Hemisphere. The term is often used to refer specifically to Europe. New World The Western Hemisphere. The term is often used to refer specifically to America. I 。

31、t was first used by an Italian historian Peter Martyr (1457-1526), whose book chronicled the discovery of America,Elizabethan Age,The period when Elizabeth I reigned England. is often referred to as The Golden Age of English history,Elizabeth Tudor (1533-1603 ) the fifth and final monarch of the Hou 。

32、se of Tudor She made England one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world,Industrialization,Also known as Industrial Revolution the era when innovations in technology have sometimes occurred at such a rapid pace lots of things were invented that made it easier to make things and ge 。

33、t work done,The first Industrial Revolution occurred in Great Britain between 1750 and 1830. Developments there moved the country from a largely rural population that made its livelihood almost entirely from agriculture to a town-centered society that was increasingly engaged in factory manufacture, 。

34、Later in the 19th century, similar revolutionary transformations occurred in other European nations and the United States. The main effects were not felt in countries like Russia and Japan until the 20th century. In other countries these transformational developments are only now occurring or still。

35、lie in the future,Animal rights VS. Animal Welfare,Although animal rights and animal welfare frequently fall on the same side of an issue, there is a fundamental difference between the two ideologies: the right of humans to use animals,Preview check,Section C Text II Reading Comprehension Exercises, 。

36、Section A,Word Pretest,Read the Text within 12 minutes and finish the comprehension exercises,Word Pretest,veterinarian,AmE someone who is trained to give medical care and treatment to sick animals British Equivalent: vet,Theres no way to set a break like that without an operation, said the veterina 。

37、rian who examined Frankie. 给弗兰基做检查的兽医说,“这样的骨折,不动手术没法接骨 。
,Word Pretest,denote v,What does the word curriculum denote that course does not,Crosses on the map denote villages,to mean something,to represent or be a sign of something,Word Pretest,symbiotic adj,A symbiotic relationship is one in which orga 。

38、nisms, people, or things exist together in a way that benefits them all,fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with the trees of these northwestern forests. plant that affords shelter or food to ants that live in symbiotic relations with it. 与蚂蚁共生并为其提供掩蔽和食物的植物,Word Pretest,intrinsic,being part of。

39、the nature or character of someone or something,the intrinsic interest of the subject a mans intrinsic worth一个人的内在价值 the intrinsic value of a coin一硬币的本身价值（即所含金属的价值, 通常低於用其所购物品的价值,Word Pretest,empathy n,the ability to understand other peoples feelings and problems,There is a strange empathy between t 。

40、he old lady and her grandson. 老妇人和她孙子间有种莫名其妙的心灵相通的感觉,Word Pretest,impair v,weaken or damage,Loud noise can impair your hearing. 巨大的噪音有损听觉. Todays attack has seriously impaired attempts to achieve peace in the area. 今日发动的攻击严重损害了在该地区谋求和平的努力. impaired vision 受损的视力,Word Pretest,stockman,a man whose job。

41、is to take care of farm animals,a man who is employed in a stockroom or warehouse,Word Pretest,tangible,clear enough or definite enough to be easily seen or noticed,intangible,The scheme must have tangible benefits for the unemployed. tangible evidence/proof,He has no tangible evidence of Johns guil 。

42、t,Word Pretest,husbandry,farming 农牧业,intangible,animal husbandry 畜牧业,He has no tangible evidence of Johns guilt,Reading Comprehension,p. 42 Write a summary of Text I within 100 words in 10 minutes,Section B Fast Reading,CLOZE,Assignments,Preview Section C of the Unit 5 Vocabulary exercises in Unit 5. Prepare a presentation on History. Try to make your presentation relevant to military and intelligence work as much as you can,Q & A,Any questions,Thank you 。

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