1、Electric boiler temperature system1.MCUA microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness,in contrast to a gen eral-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC).The majority of computer systems in use today are emb 。

2、edded in other machi nery, such as telepho nes, clocks, applia nces, vehicles, and in frastructure. An embedded system usually has minimal requirements for memory and program length and may require simple but unusual input/output systems. For example, most embedded systems lack keyboards, scree ns,。

3、disks, prin ters, or other recog ni zable I/O devices of a personal computer. They may control electric motors, relays or voltages, and read switches, variable resistors or other electronic devices. Often, the only I/O device readable by a human is a single light-emitting diode, and severe cost or p 。

4、ower con stra ints can eve n elimi nate that.In con trast to gen eral-purpose CPUs, microc on trollers do not have an address bus or a data bus, because they in tegrate all the RAM and non-v olatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Because they n eed fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much s 。

5、maller, cheaper package.In tegrat ing the memory and other peripherals on a sin gle chip and test ing them as a un it in creases the cost of that chip, but ofte n results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. (Even if the cost of a CPU that has integrated peripherals is slightly m 。

6、ore than the cost of a CPU + external peripherals, having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board, and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board). This trend leads to desig n.A microc on troller is a si ngle in tegrated circuit, com mon ly with the fo 。

7、llowi ng features: central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 4-bit processors tosophisticated 32- or 64-bit processors in put/output in terfaces such as serial ports (UARTs)other serial com muni cati ons in terfaces like I2C, Serial Peripheral In terface and Controller Area Network for 。

8、 system interconnect peripherals such as timers and watchdog RAM for data storage ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program storage clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, reson ator or RC circuit many in clude an alog-to-digital conv erters .This integration drastica 。

9、lly reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiri ng and PCB space that would be n eeded to produce equivale nt systems using separate chips and have proved to be highly popular in embedded systems since their in troducti on in the 1970s.Some microcontrollers can afford to use a Harvard archite 。

10、cture: separate memory buses for in structi ons and data, allowi ng accesses to take place con curre ntly.The decision of which peripheral to integrate is often difficult. The Microc on troller ven dors ofte n trade operati ng freque ncies and system desig n flexibility aga inst time-to-market requi 。

11、reme nts from their customers and overall lower system cost. Manu facturers have to bala nee the n eed to mi ni mize the chip size aga inst additi onal fun ctio nality.Microc on troller architectures are available from many differe nt ven dors in so many varieties that each in structi on set archite 。

12、cture could rightly bel ong to a category of their own. Chief among these are the 8051, Z80 and ARM derivatives.citation n eededA microc on troller (also MCU or C) is afunctional computer system-on-a-chip.It contains a processor core, memory, and programmable in put/output peripherals. Microc on tro 。

13、llers in clude an in tegrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of in put and output.It emphasizes high in tegrati on, in con trast to a microprocessor which only contains a CPU (the ki nd used in a PC). I n additi on to the usual arithmetic and log 。

14、ic eleme nts of a gen eral purpose microprocessor, the microc on troller in tegrates additi onal eleme nts such as read-write memory for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, Flash memory for perma nent data storage, peripherals, and in put/output in terfaces. At clock speeds of as lit 。

15、tle as 32KHz, microc on trollers ofte n operate at very low speed compared to microprocessors, but this is adequate for typical applicati ons. They con sume relatively little power (milliwatts or eve n microwatts), and will gen erally have the ability to retain fun ctio nality while wait ing for an。

【单片机|单片机毕业外文翻译】16、eve nt such as a butt on press or in terrupt. Power con sumpti on while sleep ing (CPU clock and peripherals disabled) may be just nano watts, making them ideal for low power and long lasti ng battery applicati ons.Microc on trollers are used in automatically con trolled products and devices, such a 。

17、s automobile engine con trol systems, remote con trols, office mach in es, applia nces, power tools, and toys. By reduci ng the size, cost, and power con sumpti on compared to a desig n using a separate microprocessor, memory, and in put/output devices, microc on trollers make it econo mical to elec 。

18、tro ni cally con trol many more processes.The majority of computer systems in use today are embedded in other machi nery, such as automobiles, teleph on es, applia nces, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many。

19、have mi nimal requireme nts for memory and program len gth, with no operati ng system, and low software complexity. Typical in put and output devices in clude switches, relays, sole no ids, LEDs, small or custom LCD displays, radio freque ncy devices, and sen sors for data such as temperature, humid 。

20、ity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind.It is mandatory that microcontrollers provide real time response to events in the embedded system the 。

21、y are con trolli ng. Whe n certa in eve nts occur, an in terrupt system can sig nal the processor to suspe nd process ing the curre nt in struct ion seque nee and to beg in an in terrupt service rout ine (ISR). The ISR will perform any process ing required based on the source of the interrupt before 。

22、 returning to the original instruction sequenee. Possible interrupt sources are device dependent, and often in clude eve nts such as an internal timer overflow, completi ng an an alog to digital conv ersi on, a logic level cha nge on an in put such as from a butt on being pressed, and data received。

23、on a com muni cati on link. Where power con sumpti on is importa nt as in battery operated devices, interrupts may also wake a microcontroller from a low power sleep state where the processor is halted un til required to do someth ing by a peripheral eve nt.Microc on troller programs must fit in the 。

24、 available on-chip program memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with exter nal, expa ndable, memory. Compilers and assembly Ian guage are used to tur n high-level la nguage programs into a compact mach ine code for storage in the microco ntrollers memory. Depe nding on the device, th 。

25、e program memory may be perma nent, read-only memory that can only be programmed at the factory, or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory.Since embedded processors are usually used to con trol devices, they sometimes n eed to accept in put from the device they are。

26、con trolli ng. This is the purpose of the an alog to digital conv erter. Since processors are built to in terpret and process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they wont be able to do any thi ng with the an alog sig nals that may be being sent to it by a device. So the an alog to digital conv erter is u 。

27、sed to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recog ni ze. There is also a digital to an alog conv erter that allows the processor to send data to the device it is con trolli ng.In additi on to the conv erters, many embedded microprocessors in clude a variety of timers as well. 。

28、 One of the most com mon types of timers is the Programmable Interval Timer, or PIT for short. A PIT just counts down from some value to zero. Once it reaches zero, it sends an in terrupt to the processor in dicat ing that it has fini shed coun ti ng. This is useful for devices such as thermostats,。

29、which periodically test the temperature around them to see if they n eed to turn the air con diti oner on, the heater on, etc.Time Process ing Unit or TPU for short. Is esse ntially just ano ther timer, but more sophisticated. In additi on to counting dow n, the TPU can detect in put eve nts, gen er 。

30、ate output eve nts, and other useful operati ons.Dedicated Pulse Width Modulation （PWM） block makes it possible for the CPU to con trol power con verters, resistive loads, motors, etc., without using lots of CPU resources in tight timer loops.Un iversal Asynchronous Receiver/Tra nsmitter （UART） bloc 。

31、k makes it possible to receive and tran smit data over a serial li ne with very little load on the CPU.For those wan ti ng ether net one can use an exter nal chip like Crystal Semico nductor CS8900A, Realtek RTL8019, or Microchip ENC 28J60. All of them allow easy in terfac ing with low pin count.中文翻 。

32、译：1.单片机单片机即单片微型计算机 ， 是把中央处理器、存储器、定时/计数器、输入输出接口都集成在一块集成电路芯片上的微型计算机 。
与应用在个人电脑中的通用型微处理器相比 ， 它更强调自供应（不用外接硬件）和节约成本 。
它的最大优 点是体积小 ， 可放在仪表内部 ， 但存储量小 ， 输入输出接口简单 ， 功能较低 。
由 于其发展非常迅速 ， 旧的单片机的定义已不能满足 ， 所以在很多应用场合被称为 范围更广的微控制器 ， 但是目前在中国大陆仍多沿用“单片机”的称呼 。
绝大多数现在的单片机都是基于冯诺伊曼结构的 ，这种结构清楚地定义了 嵌入式系统所必需的四个基本部分： 一个中央处理器核心 ， 程序存储器（只读存 储器或者闪存）、数据存储器（ 。

33、随机存储器） ， 一个或者更多的定时/计时器 ， 还 有用来与外围设备以及扩展资源进行通信的输入 /输出端口 一一所有这些都被集成在单个集成电路芯片上 。
说单片机与通用型中央处理单元芯片不同是因为前者 一般很容易配合最小型的外部支持芯片制成工作计算机 。
这样就可以很容易的把 单片机系统植入装置内部来控制装置了 。
近年来为了在指令和数据上使用不同的 字宽 ， 并提高处理器流水线速度 ， 哈佛结构在微控制器和DSP也逐渐得到了广泛 的应用 。
传统的微处理器是不允许这么做的 。
它要完成单片机的工作 ， 就必须连接一 些其他芯片 。
比如说 ， 片上没有数据存储器 ， 就必须要添加一些RAM的存储芯片 ，虽然所添加存储器的容量很灵活 ， 但是 。

34、至少还是要添加 ， 另外还需要添加很多连 线来传递芯片之间的数据 。
比如 ， 一个典型的微控制器只需要一个时钟发生器 和很少的RAM和ROM或者EPROME2PROM就可以在软件和晶振下工作了 。
同时 ，微控制器具有丰富的输入输出设备 ， 像是模拟数字转换（ADC） ， 定时器 ， 串口或者其他串行通讯接口（比如I2C ， 串行外围接口（SPI）,控制器局域网） 。
通常 ， 这 些继承在内部的设备可以通过特殊的指令来操作 。
一些现代的微控制器支持一些内建的高级编程语言 ， 比如BASIC语言 。
一个微控制器（也叫MCU是一个微型计算芯片 。
它包含一个处理器、一个 内存（有少量的RAM ， 程序存储器 ， 或两者兼而有之）和一个可编程输入 /输 。

35、出 外设 。
它强调高度集成 ， 而相比之下 ， 一个微处理器只包含一个CPU （比如一台PC） 。
除了通常的算术和逻辑要素等一般用途的微处理器 ， 微控制器还集成了更多的要素 ， 如读写存储器的数据存储 ， 只读存储器的存储程序 ， 快闪记忆体的 永久数据存储 ， 外设 ， 和输入/输出接口 。
在时钟频率只有32Mhz的情况下 ， 微 操作系统往往以非常低的速度相运行 ， 但是这足够典型的应用 。
他们消耗较少的 功率（毫瓦或什微） ， 且具有保持功能 ， 同时可以等待一个事件 ， 如一个按钮 的按下或中断 。
在睡眠状态时 ， CPU时钟和外设禁用 ， 从而使它们适合用于低功耗和长期持久的电池应用 。
微控制器广泛应用于自动控制产品和设备 ，如汽车发动机控制系统 ， 远程 。

36、控 制系统 ， 办公室机器设备系统 ， 家用电器 ， 电动工具 ， 和玩具等 。
通过降低尺寸 ，成本和能耗 ， 设计使用单独的微处理器 ， 内存和输入 /输出设备 ， 能够使微控制 器控制更多的进程 ， 更经济 。
目前 ， 大多数的计算机系统被嵌入在其他设备中使用 ， 如汽车 ， 电话以及很 多需要外设的计算机系统 。
这些嵌入其他设备的计算机系统被称为嵌入式系统 。
有些嵌入式系统是非常复杂的 ， 很多能够达到人们的要求 ， 但由于内存和程序长 度的限制 ， 软件的复杂性降低 。
典型的输入和输出设备包括交换机 ， 继电器 ， 螺 线管 ， 发光二极管 ， 小形或定制的液晶显示器 ， 数码显示器等 。
射频设备和传感 器等嵌入式系统通常没有键盘 ， 屏幕 ， 硬盘 ， 打印机或其他公认的I /。

37、O 设备 ， 并可能缺乏人机互动装置的任何一种 。
某些强制性的微控制器能够提供实时应对突发事件的嵌入式系统并控制它 们 。
当某些事件发生时 ， 中断系统能够让信号处理器暂停处理当前的指令序列 ，并开始了中断服务 。
当中断服务结束之后 ， 再返回原来的指令序列 ， 这就是我们 通常所说的单片机的中断系统 。
中断源的设备依赖通常有很多种 ， 如内部定时器 溢、完成了模拟向数字转换、逻辑水平变化的一种投入、一个按钮被按下和收到 了数据的通信联系等 。
凡是许多重要的中断源发出中断申请 ，都必须中断 ， 如电 池供电的设备停止运行后 ， 微控制器在低功耗睡眠状态下的处理器必须停止 ， 直到做一些外围的活动才重新开始返回当前指令序列 。
单片机程序必 。

38、须符合现有的芯片程序存储器的要求 ， 因为这将是代价高昂的系统提供了与外部设备之间可以扩展的存储器 。
编译器和汇编语言是用来打开高 级语言程序到一个紧凑机器代码存储在微控制器的存储过程 。
根据不同的设备 ，程式记忆体可能是永久性的 ， 而唯读存储器 ， 只能进行编程 。
在工厂 ， 可以生产 可擦除式只读存储器 。
由于嵌入式处理器通常是用来控制设备的 ， 他们有时需要接受输入设备的数 据输入 ， 但由于处理器内置处理数数据只有 1和0 ,所以它们将无法直接处理 任何模拟信号 。
因此 ， 要先使需要处理的数据通过模拟向数字转换的过程 ， 才能使传入的数据转化为处理器可以识别的形式 。
还有一种转换器叫做数模转换器 ， 他能够使数字信号转换为模拟信号并将数据发送到需要 CPU控制的设备上 ， 以达 到控制的目的 。
此外 ， 许多嵌入式微处理器包括各种兼职的转换器 。
最常见的一种类型的转 换器是可编程间隔定时转换器 。
工作过程为一个倒计时刚到达零 ， 它就会对处理 器发出一个中断的指令 。
这表明它已经完成转换 ， 并需要对所控制的设备发出指 令 ， 使其作出某些动作 。
这是非常有用的设备 ， 如恒温系统 ， 需要定期测试他们 周围的温度 ， 看看他们是否需要打开空调或者加热器等等 。
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标题：单片机|单片机毕业外文翻译