1、浅谈身势语在非语言交际中的应用The Analysis of the Application of Body Language in Nonverbal CommunicationContentsAbstract.1Key Words.11. Introduction.22. The Necessity and Importance of Learning Body Language inNonverbal Communication.23. The Concrete Types and Application of the Body Language 33.1 Types of Body L 。

2、anguage. 33.1.1 Distance between People Conversing . 43.1.2 Physical Contact. 43.1.3 Eye Contact.53.1.4 Smiles and Laughter.73.1.5 Gestures .83.2 Application of the Body Language. 73.2.1 Greetings .83.2.2 Signs of Affection .83.2.3 Physical Contact .94. A Comparative Study of Chinese and American Bo 。

3、dy Language.94.1 Different Body Languages, Same Meanings.104.2 Same Body Languages in Two Cultures but with Different Meanings.114.3 Body Languages and Meanings in One Culture;
No Equivalent in Other Cultures115. Conclusion .12References.13The Analysis of the Application of Body Language in Nonverba 。

4、l CommunicationAbstract: “Body language” is a kind of nonverbal communication with the richest meanings and great functions. Like verbal language, it is also a part of culture. But not all body languages mean the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonver 。

5、bal communication. So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language. A comparative study of Chinese and American body language shows a number of similarities and diversities of bo 。

6、dy language. Observation shows that a truly bilingual person switches his body language at the same time he switches languages. This makes communication easier and better. So in this paper, the author will explore the functions of nonverbal communication in cross-cultural communication, significance 。

7、 of nonverbal communication and puts forward some similarities and diversities of body language so that people can avoid and deal with the conflicts or misunderstanding when encountering people from different cultures.Key words: nonverbal communication;
body language;
culture摘 要：“身势语”同语言一样 ， 都是文化的一部分 。
。

8、在不同文化中 ， 身势语的意义并不完全相同 。
各民族有不同的非语言交际方式 。
因此 ， 要用外语进行有效的交际 ， 在说某种语言时就得了解说话人的手势 ， 动作 ， 举止等所表示的意思 。
而通过中美身势语对比研究表明 ， 两者有相似的地方 ， 也有差异的地方,可见 ， 真正掌握两种语言的人在换用另一种语言说话时也要换用另一种身势语 。
这样才能达到更好的交际效果 。
本文探讨了不同文化中非语言交际手段的作用 ， 在交际中的重要性 ， 以及中美身势语言的共性及个性 ， 以此来帮助我们避免和解决跨文化交际中的冲突和误解 。
关键词: 非语言交际;
身势语;
文化 1. IntroductionWhen a Chinese converses with a Can 。

9、adian or American friend of the opposite sex, would it be indecent to be looking at the other person?If two young friends of the same sex walk with their arms around each others shoulders or hold hands, would this be regarded by English-speaking people as proper?Does nodding the head mean “yes”, and 。

10、 shaking the head mean “no” in all cultures?There are not questions about language, but about body language, about nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication, composed of pictures, dresses, eye contact, spatial signals, gestures and so on, is as important as verbal communication.People communic 。

11、ate in many different ways. One of the most important ways, of course, is through language. Moreover, when language is written it can be completely isolated from the context in which it occurs;
it can be treated as if it were an independent process.Like all animals, people communicate by their actio 。

12、ns as well as by the noises they make. It is a sort of biological anomaly of man, which is as important as verbal language. Language is obviously essential for human beings, but it is not the whole story of human communication. According to Dr. Alexander Loven, “once people know how to interpret bod 。

【The|The Analysis of the Application of Body Language in Nonverbal Communication】13、y languages, there would be no verbal language that can express more clearly than they can.” The study of nonverbal communication should be complementary to the study of language. The understanding of one should be helpful in the further understanding of the other. Some authorities feel that the two 。

14、 are dependent on each other. This is certainly true in most situations. But it is also true that in certain situation body action contradicts what is being said, just as the spoken words may mean something quite different from what nonverbal communication communicates. When this occurs, one must tr 。

15、y to get further information, or guess the meaning from the context of the situation. In a case, all nonverbal communication should be interpreted within a given context;
to ignore the overall situation could be misleading.2. The necessity and importance of learning body language in nonverbal commun 。

16、icationAlthough we may not realize it, when we converse with others we communicate by much more than words. By our expressions, gestures and other body movements, we send messages to these around us a smile and an outstretched hand show welcome. Nodding ones head means agreement“Yes”. Waving an outs 。

17、tretched hand with open palm is the gesture for “goodbye”. Leaning back in ones seat and yawning at a talk or lecture show lack of interest, boredom. These gestures have come to be accepted in general as having the meanings mentioned, at last to Chinese and Americans. There are parts of the way in w 。

18、hich we communicate. This “body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture.But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. The answers to the questions at the beginning of this chapt 。

19、er are all “no”. Even nodding the head may have a different meaning. To Nepalese, Sri Lankans, some Indians and some Eskimos it means not “yes”, but “no”. So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should also know the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompa 。

20、ny a particular language.Body language is an important media through which people communicate with each other. It refers to the patterns of facial expressions and gestures that people use to express their feelings in communication. The specialist on body language researchFen. Lafle. Angles, once sai 。

21、d: Once it was lost, a baby couldnt have grown into a normal person. It s also true to the juveniles. In school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating the students characters.3. The concrete types and application of the body languageFrom the above we have known the necessity a 。

22、nd importance of body language in nonverbal communication, it is the best way for people to exchange their emotions and ideas. Body language includes postures, eye contact, facial expressions, smiles and laughter, physical contact, gestures and so on. But in different cultures, people have different 。

23、 ways of making nonverbal communication. So in order to reduce the cultural barriers and communicate effectively, we must learn some application and difference of body language. The following will focus on some certain body languages as well as their application. 3.1 Types of body languages3.1.1 Dis 。

24、tance between people conversingWatch an Arab and an Englishman in conversation. The Arab, showing friendliness in the manner of his people, will stand close to the Englishman. The latter will move back. The Arab will then move forward to be closer;
the Englishman will keep moving backward. By the en 。

25、d of the conversation, the two may keep quite a distance from each other;
the two may be quite a distance from the place where they were originally standing!Here, distance between the two is the key factor. Different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing. Ac 。

26、cording to Dr. Hall, it seems there are four main distances in American social and business relations: intimate, personal, social, and public. Intimate distance ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of about 45 centimeters;
this is for peoples most private relations and activities, betwe 。

27、en man and wife, for example. Personal distance is about 4580 centimeters and is most common when friends, acquaintances and relatives converse. Social distance may be anywhere from about 1.30 meters to 3 meters;
people who work together, or people doing business, as well as most of those in convers 。

28、ation at social gatherings tend to keep a distance is farther than any of the above and is generally for speakers in public and for teachers in classrooms.The important thing to keep in mind is that most English-speaking people do not like people to be too close. Being too far apart, of course, may。

29、be awkward, but being too close makes people uncomfortable, unless there is a reason, such as showing affection or encouraging intimacy. But that is another matter.3.1.2 Physical contactThe appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. Figures from a study offer interesting ins 。

30、ight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different places were observed for at last one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: London, 0;
Gainesville, Florida, 2;
Pairs, 10;
San Juan, Pue 。

31、rto Rico, 180. These figures speak for themselves. (Robinett, 1978)In English-speaking contries, physical contact is generally avoided in conversation among ordinary friends or acquaintances. Merely touching someone may cause an unpleasant reaction. If one touches another person accidentally, he/she 。

32、 usually utters an apology such as “Sorry, Oh, Im sorry, Excuse me.”A common complaint of western mothers in China is that Chinese often fondle their babies and very small children. Such behaviorwhether touching, patting, hugging or kissingcan be quite embarrassing and awkward for the mothers. They。

33、know that no harm is meant, and that such gestures are merely signs of friendliness or affection, therefore they cannot openly show their displeasure. On the other hand, such actions in their own culture would be considered rude, intrusive and offensive and could arouse a strong dislike and even rep 。

34、ugnance. So the mothers often stand by and watch in awkward silence, with mixed emotions, even when the fondling is by Chinese friends or acquaintances.Going beyond the milder forms of touching, we shall take up the matter of hugging and embracing in public. This practice is fairly common among wome 。

35、n in many countries. And in most of the more industrialized countries, it occurs frequently between husband and wife and close members of the family when meeting after a period of absence. Hugging and embracing among men, however, is a different matter. Among Arabs, Russians, French, and in several。

36、of the east European and Mediterranean countries, a warm hug and a kiss on the cheeks are a standard way of welcome. The same is true with some Latin Americans. In East Asia and in the English-speaking countries, though, the practice is seldom seen. A simple handshake is the custom. The story is tol 。

37、d of what happened not long ago when the Japanese prime minister at the time, Mr. Fukuda, went to the U.S. on a state visit. When he stepped out of his car in front of the white house, he was greeted by the American president with a “bear hug”. The prime minister was flabbergasted;
others of the Jap 。

38、anese delegation were amazed;
many Americans were surprisedit was so unusual and so unexpected. If the president had bowed low in Japanese fashion, it would have been less a surprise than to be greeted in a way so uncommon in either country!The matter of physical contact between members of the same。

39、sex in English-speaking countries is a delicate one. Once passed childhood, the holding of hands, or walking with an arm around anothers shoulder is not considered proper. The implication is homosexuality, and homosexuality generally arouses strong social disapproval in these countries.3.1.3 Eye con 。

40、tactEye contact is an important aspect of body language. One could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look;
when to look and how long to look;
who and who not to look at. These passages from the book Body Language (Fast, 1971) are amusing as well as informative:“Two 。

41、 strangers seated across from each other in a railway dining car have the option of introducing themselves and facing a meal of inconsequential and perhaps boring talk, or ignoring each other and desperately trying to avoid each others glance. A writer, describing such a situation in an essay, wrote 。

42、, theyre reading the menu, they fool with the cutlery, they inspect their own fingernails as if seeing them for the first time. Comes the inevitable moment when glances meet, but they meet only to shoot instantly away and out the window for an intent view of the passing scene. ”He points out that wi 。

43、th people who are unfamiliar:“We must void staring at them, and yet we must also avoid ignoring them We look at them long enough to make it quite clear that we see them, and then we immediately look away”.There are different formulas for the exchange of glances depending on where the meeting takes p 。

44、lace. “If you pass someone in the street you may eye the oncoming person till you are about eight feet apart, then you must look away as you pass. Before the eight-foot distance is reached, each will signal in which direction he will pass. This is done with a brief look in that direction. Each will。

45、veer slightly, and the passing is done smoothly.” (Fast, Julius. 1971.)“The language of the eyes”one of the most common and ancient ways of exchanging feelings between boys and girls, men and womenis especially elaborate in the United States. Much study has been made of this: how people of the oppos 。

46、ite sex show interest or indifference, encouragement or discouragement, approval or disapproval, affection or aversion. However, there are many differences even within the United States. Men use their eyes in different ways than women;
there are differences of age, class or social status and geograp 。

47、hical region;
there are differences of ethnic background.The story is told of a teenage Puerto Rican girl in a New York high school who was taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected smoking. Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and although she had a good record, the 。

48、 principal decided she was guilty and suspended her. “There was something sly and suspicious about her,” he said in his report. “She just wouldnt meet my eye. She wouldnt look at me.”When she was questioned by the principal it was true that she kept staring at the floor and refused to meet his eye.。

49、And in English there is a saying “Dont trust anyone who wont look at you in the eye.”It so happened that one of the teachers had a Latin American background and knew about Puerto Rican culture. After talking with the girls parents, he went to the principal and explained that according to Puerto Rica 。

50、n culture, a good girl “does not meet the eyes of an adult.” Such behavior, he explained, “is a sign of respect and obedience.”Fortunately, the principal accepted the explanation, admitted his mistake and the matter was settled properly. This difference in interpreting a simple eye gesture was a les 。

51、son in cultural diversity that he would not easily forget.Rules about eye-language are numerous and complex. What has been mentioned gives a good idea of this;
we shall not go further into detail.3.1.4 Smiles and laughterSmiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasu 。

52、re, joy and merriment. This is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries. However, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners. To illustrate, here is an excerpt from a letter by an American to a Chinese friend on nonverb 。

53、al gestures that often cause cross-cultural misunderstanding:“One is the different meaning of laughter in China and American. When an American is parking his bicycle, for example, and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated wh 。

54、en Chinese onlookers laugh. I have seen the same thing happen in the dining room, when a foreigner drops a plate quite by accident and feels badly and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feeling.”Such laughter, of course, is not at the person or his misfortu 。

55、newhether he be a foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: dont take it so seriously;
laugh it off, its nothing;
such things can happen to any of us, etc. However, for people unaware of this attitude, the reaction to such laughter is usually quite unpleasant and often generates il 。

56、l feeling towards those laughing.3.1.5 GesturesGestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended. A wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions.A well-known case is a gestur 。

57、e made by Winston Churchill, the doughty prime minister who led Britain through the Second World War. As he appeared before a large crowd, he was greeted with cheers and applause. The occasion was a momentous one and Churchill flashed the “V for victory” signwith the forefinger and middle finger rai 。

58、sed to form a “V”. Whether by mistake or ignorance, instead of facing the palm of his hand to the front, he made the “V” with the back of his hand towards the audience. Some in the crowd applauded;
some gasped;
some broke out in laughter. The prime ministers gesture, as given, meant quite something。

59、else. Instead of “V for victory”, it meant something dirty;
it was an obscene gesture!3.2 Application of the body language3.2.1 GreetingsIn Asian countries, there are some common greeting gestures, they are handshaking, bowing, avoid eye contact. But in different culture, the ways of greetings will。

60、be different. In China, the western custom of shaking hands is the customary form of greeting, but often a nod of the head or slight bow is sufficient. Hugging and kissing when greeting are uncommon. Business cards are often exchanged, and yours should be printed in your own language and in Chinese. 。

61、 Also, it is more respectful to present your card (or a gift or any other article) using both hands. The Chinese are enthusiastic applauders. You may be greeted with group clapping, even by small children. When a person is applauded in this fashion it is the custom for that person to return the appl 。

62、ause or a thank you. When walking in public places, direct eye contact and staring is uncommon in the larger cities, especially in those areas accustomed to foreign visitors. However, in smaller communities, visitors may be the subject of much curiosity and therefore you may notice some stares.In Ja 。

63、pan, the graceful act of bowing is the traditional greeting. However, they have also adopted the western custom of shaking hands, albeit with a light grip and perhaps with eyes averted. Meanwhile, to show respect for their customs, it would flatter them to offer a slight bow when being introduced. It is considered rude to stand with your hand or hands in your pockets, especially when greeting someone or when addressing a group of people. Although handshaking is generally adopted around the world, Southeast Asians press together;
Japanese bow;
Middle Easterners an 。

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标题：The|The Analysis of the Application of Body Language in Nonverbal Communication