17、on equipment b. Expanded Noun Premodifiers水 泵 阀例：water pump valve3. 1) verb-nounThe paper analyzes the problem and solves it. The paper gives an analysis of the problem and offers a solution. 2)adjective-nounIt is doubtful how accurate the results are. The accuracy of these results is doubtful.3) se 。

18、ntence-nounThus, we should have specific methods of translating in terms of differend kinds of nominalization.Usually ,we have some methods,as follows:1.translate Nominalization into verbAll substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough 。

19、.只要有足够的电位差 ， 电流便可通过任何物体 。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接收活动物体的图像 。
2.translat Nominalization into V-O constructureAs a small-scale illustration of the artificial modification of physical weather processes, take the frost prevention in a 。

20、n orchard.对天气的物理过程进行人工影响” 。
此句译为：我们可举果园中防霜作为说明对天气的物理过程进行小尺度人工影响的例子 。
3.translate Nominalization into independent clauseThe slightly porous nature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes氧化膜表面具有轻微的渗透性 ， 因此可以用有机或无极颜料着色 。
2.2 How to translate Passive VoiceP 。

21、robably one-third of the verbs in EST writings are in the passive voice. The tense of these passive verbs is the Present Simple or the verb is used with modals.Scientists and engineers use the passive much more frequently than most other writers.2.2.1 Why does the passive most ferquently occur in ES 。

22、TFirst,it is clearer in meaning.Since scientists are more interested in action and facts than the actors and,many references to people are unnecessary and confusing.Second ,it allows scientists to introduce the most inportant information at the beginning. Third, passive sentences are usually shorter 。

23、 and more concese than acctive ones.2.2.2 The function of the passive voicea. Stating rules or general principles. Examples:All matter is made up of atomsb.Describing procedures. Examples:c.Passive infinitive is particularly used for reporting news and expressing simple statement of fact.Examples:Th 。

24、e new factory is said to be opened next monthd.The passive with modals is particularly common in written instructions,warnings and notices.Examples:All library books should be returned by the end of June.2.2.3 The specific methodsa.Change to Active Voice in Chinese Version . The Original Subject Unc 。

25、hanged Sometimes, in English-Chinese translation of EST, the Chinese verbs can express the passive voice without using the passive structure and the subject of the original sentence will be unchanged in Chinese version. E.g.:(1)The same mould can be used over and over again.同一模具能够反复（被）使用许多次 。
(2) The。

26、water pollution should be paid attention to.水污染问题应予以重视 。
(3) The world health organization estimates that 1.7 billion people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 世界卫生组织估计有17亿人感染上了肺结核 。
b.Changing Original Subject into ObjectIn some cases, the passive sentences should be changed into the active。

27、voice in Chinese version to make it readable in Chinese. The subject of the original sentence is changed to the object in the translated text. The agent (the performer of the action), prepositional phrase as adverbial modifier and other phrases in the original sentence will be translated into the su 。

28、bject accordingly. E.g.: (1) Three-phase current should be used for large motors.大型电动机应当使用三相交流电 。
（将状语译为主语 ， 原句主语译为宾语）(2) In chemistry, symbols are used represent elements. 化学用符号代表元素 。
c. Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese Version Smooth Some Chinese verbs cannot be properly used in the passive v 。

29、oice. In this case, the subject of the original sentence is changed to the object of the translated sentence with added subject. E.g. (1) Bulb is known to be sometimes filled with an inert gas.大家都知道灯泡有时会充入惰性气体 。
（增译泛指主语）(2) Gases are frequently regarded as compressible, liquid as incompressible. 人们通常认 。

30、为气体是可以压缩的 ， 而其体则不可以压缩 。
d. The Passive Structure Converted Into the Sentence with No Subject The original subject is changed to the object in the translated version. and there is no subject in the translated sentence. E.g.: The quality of heat which is radiated must be determined.必须确定辐射出的热量 。

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标题：How|How to Translate English for Science and Technology (EST) Materials英语毕业论文( 二 )