1、Design and Reusability of Learning Objects in an Academic Context: A New Economy of Education?Submitted to eLearning: una sfida per luniversita, Milan, November 12, 2002By Stephen Downes, National Research Council, Moncton, CanadaContents1. Introduction2. The State of the Art3. Problems and Issues4. 。

2、 Design Principles5. The Distributed Network1. IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is not to discuss the creation and use of learning objects per se but rather to look at systems for locating and distributing learning objects. What will be argued is that this system is currently poorly constructed 。

3、, based essentially on what may be called a silo model of distribution. A series of problems and issues related to this model will be discussed. In place of the silo model, a distributed model of learning object repositories is proposed. This model is based on a set of principles intended to create。

4、an open and accessible marketplace for learning objects, in essence, a learning object economy. To conclude, a model for a distributed learning object repository network is proposed.For readers unfamiliar with the concept of learning objects, the generally accepted definition is that learning object 。

5、s “any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning.” (IEEE, 2002) Wiley (2000) defines a learning object as “any digital resource that can be reused to support learning.” Even so, as Wiley comments, “the definition is broad enough to。

6、include the estimated 15 terabytes of information available on the publicly accessible Internet.” In this paper, a functional definition of learning objects is employed: a learning object is anything that is exchanged in what may be called the learning object economy.2. The State of the ArtOverviewI 。

7、n this section common methods for locating and retrieving learning objects will be discussed. In particular, three major systems will be described: course portals, course packs, and learning object repositories. In addition, systems for collecting and organizing learning objects, learning management 。

8、 content systems, will also be described.Course PortalsA course portal is a website offered wither by a consortium of educational institutions or a private company working with educational partners that lists courses from a number of institutions. The purpose of a course portal is to enable a studen 。

9、t to browse through or search course listings to simplify the students selection of an online course. The following are examples of course portals.TeleEducation. A New Brunswick, Canada, learning organization, TeleEducation NB hosts the TeleCampus Online Course Directory. Courses are submitted by in 。

10、stitutions and screened to ensure that they are fully online. The database contains more than 50,000 courses, including about 3,000 free courses and 1,200 complete and fully online programs. TeleCampus provides a subject-based directory and search services. http:/teleeducation.nb.ca/UNext. Focusing。

11、on business education, UNext collaborates with major business schools such as the Columbia Business School, Stanford University and the London School of economics to provide courses in leadership and management, e-commerce, marketing, finance, accounting, and business communications through the priv 。

【Design|Design and reusability of learning objects in an academic context A new economy of education】12、ate and for-profit institution, Cardean University. Hungry Minds. Hungry minds offers more than 17,000 courses through its online campus, Hungry Minds University, from course providers such as the University of California at Berkeley, the University of California at Los Angeles and New York Universi 。

13、ty. Hungry Minds also provides learning content through publishers such as For Dummies, CliffsNotes, and Frommers. Fathom. Created by Columbia University and including partners such as the University of Chicago, the London School of Economics and Political Science, Cambridge University Press, The Br 。

14、itish Library, The Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of Natural History, and The New York Public Library, Fathom is a centralized for-profit learning object repository. While Fathom provides lectures, interviews, articles, performances and exhibits, its major focus is an offering of online co 。

15、urses from member institutions. (You, 2001)Course PacksCourse packs are packages of learning materials collected to support a course. Offered primarily by educational publishers, course packs are collections of learning materials offered to instructors for use in traditional or online courses. The c 。

16、ourse pack may be pre-defined or custom built by the instructor. The instructor is expected to supplement the course pack with additional content, educational activities, testing and other classroom activities.Some course packs, such as those offered by XamEdu, are stand-alone. This means that the c 。

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标题：Design|Design and reusability of learning objects in an academic context A new economy of education